What is Glomerular Disease?

Glomerular disease refers to a group of conditions that affect the glomeruli, which are the tiny filtering units in the kidneys.

These diseases can damage the glomeruli, impairing their ability to filter blood effectively and leading to a range of kidney problems.

Glomerular diseases can be acute or chronic and may result in significant health issues if not managed properly.

Types of Glomerular Disease

• 1. Glomerulonephritis : Inflammation of the glomeruli, which can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, or other factors. Types include :
• Acute Glomerulonephritis : Sudden inflammation often following an infection.
• Chronic Glomerulonephritis : Long-term inflammation leading to progressive kidney damage.
• 2. Nephrotic Syndrome : A condition characterized by high levels of protein in the urine, low levels of protein in the blood, swelling, and high cholesterol. It results from damage to the glomeruli.
• 3. IgA Nephropathy (Berger's Disease) : A common form of glomerulonephritis where the immune system produces abnormal amounts of IgA, leading to inflammation in the glomeruli.
• 4. Minimal Change Disease : A condition that leads to nephrotic syndrome and is characterized by minimal changes visible under a microscope, though the kidneys appear normal.
• 5. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) : A condition where scarring occurs in some of the glomeruli, leading to kidney dysfunction and nephrotic syndrome.

Causes and Risk Factors

The causes of glomerular disease can vary depending on the specific condition but may include :

• Infections : Bacterial or viral infections can trigger inflammation.
• Autoimmune Diseases : Conditions such as lupus or vasculitis can affect the glomeruli.
• Genetic Factors : Some glomerular diseases have a hereditary component.
• Underlying Health Conditions : Diabetes and hypertension can contribute to glomerular damage.

Symptoms of Glomerular Disease

Symptoms can vary but commonly include :

• Swelling : Particularly in the legs, ankles, and around the eyes.
• Proteinuria : High levels of protein in the urine, often detected as frothy or foamy urine.
• Haematuria : Blood in the urine, which may appear pink or reddish.
• Hypertension : Elevated blood pressure.
• Reduced Urine Output : Decreased frequency or volume of urination.
• Fatigue and Weakness : General feeling of tiredness or malaise.

Diagnosis

• Urine Tests : To check for protein, blood, and other abnormalities.
• Blood Tests : To assess kidney function and detect underlying conditions.
• Imaging Tests : Ultrasound or CT scans to visualize kidney structure.
• Kidney Biopsy : To obtain a tissue sample for detailed examination under a microscope.

Treatment

• Medications : Depending on the type of glomerular disease, treatments may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and medications to control blood pressure and reduce proteinuria.
• Lifestyle Changes : Diet modifications, such as reducing salt intake, and managing underlying conditions like diabetes and hypertension.
• Dialysis : For advanced cases where kidney function is severely impaired.
• Kidney Transplant : In cases of end-stage kidney failure, a transplant may be considered.